Soal Latihan Distribusi Obat Kelas XII SMK Farmasi TA 2015/2016

<p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-stretch: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Latihan Soal Distribusi Obat</span></span></h3> <div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"> <div class="post-header-line-1"> </div> </div> <div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-7513708911236608860" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; position: relative; width: 646px;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in -7.4pt 0in 14.2pt; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="line-height: 15.3333320617676px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mata diklat            : Menerapkan Distribusi Sediaan Obat Bebas,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="line-height: 15.3333320617676px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                Bebas Terbatas, dan Obat Keras, Obat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="line-height: 15.3333320617676px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                Psikotropika dan Narkotika<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="line-height: 15.3333320617676px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">kelas/Bid.keahlian :  XII (Farmasi)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="line-height: 15.3333320617676px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Hari, tanggal          :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="line-height: 15.3333320617676px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Waktu                    :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="line-height: 15.3333320617676px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kode                      :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">A.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Pilihan Ganda<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <i><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pilihlah salah satu jawaban di bawah ini yang paling benar !<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Menurut Peraturan Mentri Kesehatan republik Indonesia No. 1799/MENKER/PER/XII/2010 Badan usaha yang memiliki ijin dari mentri kesehatan untuk melakukan kegiatan membuat obat atau bahan obat adalah....<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Industri farmasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">PBF<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Apotek<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Toko Obat Berijin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Supermarket<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Obat bebas dan obat bebas terbatas harus didistribusikan ke sarana-sarana pelayanan farmasi yang telah memiliki ijin untuk menyimpan obat-obatan untuk dijual secara eceran di tempat-tempat tertentu dan telah mempekerjakan seorang tenaga farmasis seperti seorang apoteker  ataupun seorang asisten apoteker sebagai penanggungjawab teknis farmasi hal ini tercantum dalam :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">SK Menkes No.3987/SK/73<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Keputusan Mentri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 1331/Menkes/Sk/X/2002<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN">Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia </span><span lang="IN">Nomor</span><span lang="IN">1332/MENKES/SK/X/2002</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN">a dan b benar</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN">mentri kesehatan republik indonesia Nomor : 922/Menkes/per/X/1993</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN">Industri farmasi tunggal yang ditunjuk oleh pemerintah untuk melakukan kegiatan pengadaan bahan obat dan produksi obat golongan narkotik adalah...</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN">Sanbe Farma</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN">Kalbe Farma</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN">Kimia Farma</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Novartis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Semua benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Berikut persyaratan industri farmasi menurut Peraturan Mentri Kesehatan RI Nomor 1799/MENKES/PER/XII/2010, kecuali....<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">berbadan usaha berupa perseroan terbatas</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">memiliki rencana investasi dan kegiatan pembuatan obat</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">memiliki Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak;</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">memiliki secara tetap paling sedikit 2 (dua) orang apoteker Warga Negara Indonesia masing-masing sebagai penanggung jawab pemastian mutu, produksi, dan pengawasan mutu; dan komisaris dan direksi tidak pernah terlibat, baik langsung atau tidak langsung</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">dalam pelanggaran peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang kefarmasian.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">5.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Peraturan mentri kesehatan yang menerangkan tentang pedagang besar farmasi adalah<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Perturan mentri kesehatan RI No.918/per/X/1993<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Perturan mentri kesehatan RI No.922/per/X/1993<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Perturan mentri kesehatan RI No.1191/SK/IX/2002<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a dan c benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">semua salah<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">6.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Pedagang farmasi adalah....<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">badan hukum yang tidak memiliki ijin untuk pengdaan, penyimpanan, penyaluran perbekalan farmasi dalam jumlah eceran sesui ketentuan UU yang berlaku<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">badan hukum yang memiliki ijin untuk pengdaan, penyimpanan, penyaluran perbekalan farmasi dalam jumlah eceran sesui ketentuan UU yang berlaku<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">badan hukum yang tidak memiliki ijin untuk pengdaan, penyimpanan, penyaluran perbekalan farmasi dalam jumlah besar sesui ketentuan UU yang berlaku<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">badan hukum yang memiliki ijin untuk pengdaan, penyimpanan, penyaluran perbekalan farmasi dalam jumlah ebesar sesui ketentuan UU yang berlaku<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">suatu tempat dilakukannya pekerjaan farmasi dan menyalutkan sediaan farmasi serta perbekalan farmasi lain kepada masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">7.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Peraturan pemerintah No.51 Tahun 2009 menjelaskan tentang........<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Industri farmasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">PBF<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Apotek<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Pekerjaan kefarmasian<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Semua benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">8.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Persyaratan PBF, kecuali.....<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Dilakukan oleh badan hukum, PT, koperasi, perusahaan nasional dan perusahaan patungan antara penanam modal asing yang telah memperoleh ijin usaha industri farmasi di indonesia dengan perusahaan nasional<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Memiliki NPWP (nomor pokok wajib pajak)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Memiliki asisten apoteker yang memiliki surat penugasan dan atau surat ijin kerja sebagai penanggungjawab teknis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Memiliki asisten apoteker yang tidak  memiliki surat penugasan dan atau surat ijin kerja sebagai penanggungjawab teknis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Semua benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">9.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Ijin yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang apoteker untuk dapat melaksanakan pekerjaan kefarmasian pada fasilitas produksi dan fasilitas distribusi/penyaluran adalah.....<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">STRA<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">SIP<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">SIK<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">SIPA<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">STRTTK<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">10.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Berikut ini batasan perbekalan farmasi dan distribusi melaui PBF adalah...<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Perbekalan kesehatan adalah perbekalan yang meliputi obat, bahan obat dan alat kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Perbekalan farmasi adalah perbekalan yang meliputi obat, bahan sintetis dan alat kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a dan b benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">sarana distribusi meliputi sarana pelayanan kesehatan seperti apotek, toko obat, rumah sakit dan pengecer lain serta unit kesehatan lain yang ditetapkan mentri kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">semua benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">11.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">PBF hanya dapat melaksanakan penyaluran obat keras kepada.....<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">PBF lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Apotek<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Puskesmas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Instansi yang di ijinkan oleh menkes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Semua benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">12.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Larangan distribusi untuk PBF adalah...<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Menjual perbekalan farmasi secara eceran baik ditempat kerjanya atau tempat lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Melayani resep dokter<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Melakukan pengadaan, penyimpanan, dan penyaluran narkotik tanpa ijin khusus mentri kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Tidak melayani resep dokter<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a, b dan c benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">13.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="IN">Jaminan kualitas oleh distributor untuk pentebaran obat merata dan teratur, pengamanan laulintas dan penggunaan obat tepat, keabsahan dan mutu obat, dan penyimpanan obat aman & sesuai kondisi yang dipersyaratkan disebut....</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN">CPOB</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN">CPKB</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN">CPOTB</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN">CDOB</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN">CPKB</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">14.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Ijin Toko obat diberikan oleh Kepala daerah dengan tembusan........<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Mentri kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Mentri perdagangan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Badan POM-Dinkes setempat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Balai POM-Mentri kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Dinkes Kabupaten/kota-mentri kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">15.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Menurut Keputusan Men­teri Kesehatan No. 1331/</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Menkes/SK­/X/2002 diberikan batasan penamaan dengan sebutan Pedagang Eceran Obat (PEO) memiliki izin untuk menyimpan diantaranya......<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Obat-obat Bebas terbatas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">OTC<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">OKT<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a dan b benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">semua benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">16.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="IN">D</span>okumentasi dilaksanakan secara baik dengan maksud<span lang="IN">......<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">Untuk dapat menjamin pelaksanaan pengadaan dan distribusi sesuai</span>ketentuan perundang-undangan.<span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Untuk dapat menjamin penyediaan data dan informasi yang </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">kurat</span><span lang="IN" style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">dan aktual pada pemesanan, penerimaan, keadaan stok, penyaluran, </span>dan sebagainya.<span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">Untuk dapat menjaga tingkat stok pada kondisi yang dapat menjamin </span>kelancaran pelayanan.<span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">Untuk dapat melakukan dokumentasi yang benar dan lengkap </span><span lang="IN" style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">dan</span><span lang="IN" style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">mencatat semua kegiatan yang dilaksanakan dalam pengelolaan </span>pengadaan dan penyaluran obat.<span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN">Semua benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">17.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Apotek </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">yaitu suatu tempat tertentu tempat dilakukan pekerjaan kefarmasian dan penyaluran sediaan farmasi, perbekalan kesehatan lainnya kepada masyarakat, adalah pengertian dari....<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Keputusan Menti kesehatan R</span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">I </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">No.1332/Menkes/</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">SK/X/2002<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor 922/Menkes/­Per­/X/1993<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Peraturan Pemerintah No. 51 tahun 2009<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor 1331/Menkes/­SK/X/2002<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor 1334/SK/­SK­/X/2002<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">18.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Pengelolaan apotik meliputi sebagai berikut....<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Pembuatan, pengelolaan racikan, pengubahan bentuk, pencampuran dan penyerahan bahan kimia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Tidak melayani resep dokter<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Pengadaan, penyimpanan, penyaluran dan penyerahan perbekalan farmasi lainnya<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Tidak melayani informasi mengenai perbekalan farmasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Semua benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">19.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">SOP</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> yang dibuat</span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> penanganan obat kembalian dengan memperhatikan hal berikut</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">, kecuali....<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Penerimaan obat kembalian hendaklah</span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">berdasarkan Surat</span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Penyerahan Barang dari unit yang mengembalikan.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Jumlah dan identinkasi obat kembalian hendaklah dicatat</span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">dalam Buku Penerimaan Pengembalian Barang.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Obat kembalian yang diterima karena adanya keluhan</span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">kualitas atau hal lain yang bukan atas permintaan</span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">penarikan oleh instansi pemerintah atau produsen obat<br />yang bersangkutan, hendaklah </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">langsung dibuang</span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Terhadap obat kembalian dapat</span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">diadakan pemeriksaan,  penelitian atau pengujian yangdilakukan dilaboratorium Balai Pemeriksaan Obat dan Makanan Obat yang masih layak untuk disalurkan kembali diproses mengikuti prosedur penerimaan dan penyimpanan oba</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">t.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Semua benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">20.<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">Industri Farmasi mempunyai fungsi.......</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">pembuatan obat dan/atau bahan obat</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">pendidikan dan pelatihan</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">penelitian dan pengembangan.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">a dan b benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">semua benar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN"><b>B.<span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></b></span></i><i><span lang="IN"><b>Essey</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="IN">Sebutkan penanganan obat donasi dalam CDOB !<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="IN">Jelaskan apa yang kamu ketahui tentang protap dalam CDOB !<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="IN">Jelaskan pengertian industri farmasi, apoteker dan toko obat berijin!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="IN">Jelaskan yang anda ketahui tentang pencabutan izin PBF !<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 13.9pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">5.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="IN">Jelaskan bagan distribusi obat bebas terbatas!</span></span></div> </div> </p>

Latihan Soal Distribusi Obat Mata diklat            : Menerapkan Distribusi Sediaan Obat Bebas,                                 ...

Pengetian SOLUTIO pada SMK Farmasi

<p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-stretch: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">SOLUTIO</span></h3> <div class="post-header" style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"> <div class="post-header-line-1"> </div> </div> <div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2557066916977661773" itemprop="description articleBody" style="line-height: 22.3999996185303px; position: relative; width: 646px;"> <h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"></span></h3> <h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;"> <span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">A. </span><span lang="EN-US">Pengertian</span></span></span></h3> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Larutan adalah sediaan cair yang mengandung satu  atau lebih zat kimia yang terlarut. Misal : terdispersi secara molekuler  dalam pelarut yang sesuai atau campuran pelarut yang saling bercampur.</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gambaran-penurunan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gambaran-penurunan.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px;" /></a></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Karena molekul-molekul  dalam larutan terdispersi  secara merata, maka penggunaan larutan sebagai bentuk sediaan, umumnya memberikan jaminan keseragaman dosis  dan memiliki ketelitian  yang baik jika larutan diencerkan atau dicampur.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Bila zat A dilarutkan dalam  air atau pelarut lain akan terjadi tipe larutan sebagai berikut :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Larutan encer, yaitu larutan yang mengandung sejumlah kecil zat A yang terlarut.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Larutan, yaitu larutan yang mengandung sejumlah besar zat A yang terlarut.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Larutan jenuh, yaitu larutan yang mengandung jumlah maksimum zat A yang dapat larut dalam air pada tekanan dan temperatur tertentu.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Larutan lewat jenuh, yaitu larutan yang mengandung jumlah zat A yang terlarut melebihi batas kelarutannya di dalam air pada temperatur tertentu.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Zat pelarut disebut juga solvent, sedangkan zat yang terlarut disebut solute. Solvent yang biasa dipakai adalah :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Air untuk macam-macam garam</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Spiritus , misalnya untuk kamfer, iodium , menthol.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gliserin, misalnya untuk tannin, zat samak, borax, fenol.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Eter, misalnya untuk  kamfer, fosfor , sublimat.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Minyak, misalnya untuk kamfer dan menthol.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Parafin Liquidum, untuk cera, cetaceum, minyak-minyak, kamfer, menthol, chlorobutanol.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Eter minyak tanah , untuk minyak-minyak lemak.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoHeading9" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Faktor – Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kelarutan</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sifat dari solute  atau solvent.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Solute yang polar akan larut dalam solvent yang polar pula. Misalnya garam-garam anorganik larut dalam air.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Solute yang nonpolar larut dalam solvent yang nonpolar pula. Misalnya alkaloid basa (umumnya senyawa organik) larut dalam chloroform.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cosolvensi.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Cosolvensi adalah peristiwa kenaikan kelarutan suatu zat karena adanya penambahan pelarut lain atau modifikasi pelarut. Misalnya Luminal tidak larut dalam air, tetapi larut dalam campuran air – gliserin atau  solutio petit</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kelarutan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Zat yang mudah larut memerlukan sedikit pelarut , zat yang sukar larut  memerlukan banyak pelarut. Kelarutan zat anorganik yang digunakan dalam farmasi umumnya adalah :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">Dapat larut dalam air</span></u><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">_{<span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span>}<span lang="EN-US">Semua garam klorida  larut , kecuali AgCl,  PbCl₂,  Hg₂Cl_2.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Semua garam nitrat larut, kecuali nitrat base, seperti bismuthi subnitras.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Semua garam sulfat larut, kecuali  BaSO₄, PbSO₄, CaSO₄(sedikit larut)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">Tidak larut dalam air</span></u><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Semua garam karbonat tidak larut , kecuali K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, (NH₄) ₂CO₃.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">_{<span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span>}<span lang="EN-US">Semua oksida dan hidroksida tidak larut , kecuali  KOH, NaOH, NH₄OH, BaO, dan Ba(OH)_2.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">_{<span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span>}<span lang="EN-US">Semua garam posphat tidak larut, kecuali K₃PO₄, Na₃PO₃, (NH₄)₃PO₄</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Temperatur.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Zat padat umumnya bertambah larut bila suhunya dinaikkan, zat tersebut dikatakan bersifat <u>endoterm</u>, karena pada proses kelarutannya membutuhkan panas.</span></span></div> <h2 style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 1em 21.3pt; padding: 0.6em 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Zat terlarut  +  pelarut  +  panas  </span><span lang="EN-US">à</span><span lang="EN-US">   Larutan </span></span></h2> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border-top-color: rgb(34, 220, 149); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Beberapa zat yang lain justru kenaikan temperatur menyebabkan tidak larut, zat tersebut dikatakan bersifat e<u>ksoterm</u>, karena pada proses kelarutannya menghasilkan panas.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Zat terlarut  +  pelarut    </span><span lang="EN-US">à</span><span lang="EN-US"> Larutan   +   panas</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Contoh  :  K₂SO₄, KOH, CaHPO₄, Calsium gliseropospat,                                                    minyak atsiri, gas-gas yang larut.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Berdasarkan pengaruh ini maka beberapa sediaan farmasi tidak boleh dipanaskan, misalnya :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Zat-zat yang atsiri, misalnya etanol, minyak atsiri</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Zat yang terurai, misalnya Natrii bicarbonas</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Saturatio</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">   </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Senyawa – senyawa calsium, misalnya aqua calcis</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Salting Out.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Salting out adalah peristiwa adanya zat terlarut tertentu  yang mempunyai  kelarutan lebih besar di banding zat utama, akan menyebabkan penurunan kelarutan  zat utama atau terbentuknya endapan karena ada reaksi kimia.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Contoh :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kelarutan minyak atsiri dalam air akan turun bila kedalam air tersebut ditambahkan larutan NaCl jenuh. Disini kelarutan NaCl dalam air lebih besar dibanding  kelarutan  minyak atsiri dalam air, maka minyak atsiri  akan  memisah.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Reaksi antara papaverin Hcl dengan solutio charcot menghasilkan endapan papaverin base.            </span><span lang="EN-US">               </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Salting  In.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Salting in adalah adanya zat terlarut tertentu yang menyebabkan kelarutan zat utama  dalam solvent menjadi lebih besar. Contohnya : riboflavin (vitamin B₂) tidak larut dalam air, tetapi larut dalam larutan yang mengandung nicotinamidum (terjadi penggaraman riboflavin + basa NH₄ ).</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pembentukan kompleks</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pembentukan kompleks adalah peristiwa terjadinya interaksi antara senyawa tak larut  dengan zat yang larut  dengan membentuk garam kompleks.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Contohnya : Iodium larut dalam larutan KI atau NaI jenuh.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">KI       +   I₂  </span><span lang="EN-US">à</span><span lang="EN-US">            KI₃</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">HgI₂   +   2KI    </span><span lang="EN-US">à</span><span lang="EN-US">            K₂HgI₄</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kecepatan kelarutan dipengaruhi oleh  :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;">   </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ukuran partikel ; makin halus solute, makin kecil ukuran  partikel ; makin luas permukaan solute yang kontak dengan solvent, solute makin cepat larut.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;">   </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Suhu ; umumnya kenaikan suhu menambah kelarutan solute.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;">   </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengadukan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Cara Mengerjakan Obat Dalam Larutan</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Beberapa bahan obat memerlukan cara khusus dalam melarutkannya. diantaranya adalah :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Natrium bicarbonas, harus dilakukan dengan cara gerus tuang (aanslibben)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Natrium bicarbonas  +  Natrium salicylas, Bic natric digerus tuang , kemudian ditambah natrium salicylas.Untuk mencegah terjadinya perubahan warna pada larutan harus ditambahkan Natrium pyrophosphat  sebanyak 0,25 %  dari berat larutan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sublimat (HgCl₂), untuk obat tetes mata harus dilakukan dengan pemanasan atau dikocok-kocok dalam air panas, kemudian disaring setelah dingin. NaCl dapat meningkatkan kelarutan sublimat, tetapi menurunkan daya baktericidnya.  Kadar Sublimat  dalam obat mata 1 :4000 </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kalium permanganat (KMnO₄), KMnO₄ dilarutkan dengan pemanasan . Pada proses pemanasan akan terbentuk batu kawi ( MnO₂) , oleh sebab itu setelah dingin tanpa dikocok – kocok dituangkan ke dalam botol atau bisa juga disaring dengan gelas wol .</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seng klorida,, melarutkan seng klorid harus dengan air sekaligus, kemudian disaring . Karena jika airnya sedikit demi sedikit maka akan terbentuk seng oksi klorid yang sukar larut dalam air. Bila terdapat asam salisilat larutkan seng klorid dengan sebagian air  kemudian tambahkan asam salisilat dan sisa air baru disaring.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kamfer, kelarutan dalam air  1: 650. Dilarutkan dengan spiritus fortior ( 96 % )  2 X berat kamfer dalam botol kering  kocok-kocok kemudian tambahkan air panas sekaligus , kocok lagi.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tanin, tanin mudah larut dalam air dan dalam gliserin. Tetapi tanin selalu mengandung hasil oksidasi yang larut dalan air, tetapi tidak larut dalam gliserin sehingga larutannya dalam gliserin harus disaring dengan kapas yang dibasahkan. Jika ada air dan gliserin, larutkan tanin dalam air kocok baru tambahkan gliserin.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Extract opii dan extract ratanhiae, dilarutkan dengan cara ditaburkan ke dalam air sama banyak, diamkan selama ¼ jam.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perak protein, dilarutkan dalam air suling sama banyak, diamkan selama ¼ jam , di tempat yang gelap.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Succus liquiritiae,</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.7pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">dengan gerus tuang (aanslibben), bila jumlahnya kecil.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.7pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">dengan merebus atau memanaskannya hingga larut.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">11. Calcii Lactas dan Calcii Gluconas, kelarutan dalam air 1 : 20</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Bila jumlah air cukup , setelah dilarutkan disaring untuk mencegah kristalisasi.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Bila air tidak cukup  disuspensikan dengan penambahan  PGS  dibuat mixtura agitanda.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Codein :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">direbus dengan air 20 X nya, setelah larut diencerkan sebelumdingin.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">dengan alkohol  96 % sampai larut ,lalu segera encerkan dengan air.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">diganti dengan  HCl Codein sebanyak 1,17 X-nya.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">13.  Bahan-bahan obat yang bekerja keras harus dilarutkan tersendiri.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">14. Bila terdapat bahan obat yang harus diencerkan dengan air, hasil pengenceran yang diambil paling sedikit adalah 2 CC</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">15. Pepsin,  tidak larut dalam air tapi larut dalam HCl encer.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pembuatan :  pepsin disuspensikan dengan air 10 X nya  kemudian tambahkan HCl encer. Larutan pepsin hanya tahan sebentar dan tidak boleh disimpan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">16.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Nipagin dan Nipasol, kelarutan  1  :  2000</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nipagin berfungsi sebagai pengawet untuk larutan air  </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nipasol berfungsi sebagai pengawet untuk larutan minyak </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">dilarutkan dengan pemanasan  sambil digoyang-goyangkan</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">dilarutkan dulu dengan sedikit etanol baru dimasukkan dalam sediaan yang diawetkan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">17. Fenol, diambil fenol  liquefactum yaitu larutan 20 bagian air dalam 100 bagian fenol. Jumlah yang diambil   1,2 x  jumlah yang diminta.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">D.<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Macam – Macam Sediaan Larutan Obat</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Bentuk sediaan larutan berdasarkan  cara pemberiannya dibedakan atas :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Larutan oral</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              Yaitu sediaan cair yang dibuat  untuk pemberian oral , mengandung satu atau lebih zat  dengan atau tanpa bahan pengaroma, pemanis atau pewarna yang larut dalam air atau campuran  kosolven-air.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Potiones (obat minum)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Adalah  solutio yang dimaksudkan untuk pemakaian dalam ( per oral ). Selain berbentuk larutan potio dapat juga berbentuk emulsi atau suspensi.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2.    Elixir</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Adalah sediaan larutan yang mengandung bahan obat dan bahan tambahan (pemanis, pengawet, pewarna, pewangi) sehingga memiliki bau dan rasa yang sedap dan sebagai pelarut digunakan campuran air - etanol.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Disini etanol berfungsi mempertinggi kelarutan obat . Pada elixir dapat pula ditambahkan glycerol, sorbitol atau propilenglikol. Sedangkan untuk pengganti gula bisa digunakan sirup gula.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.    Sirup.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Ada</span><span lang="EN-US"> 3 macam sirup yaitu :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">sirup simplex</span></u><span lang="EN-US">  mengandung 65 % gula dalam larutan nipagin 0,25 % b/v</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">sirup obat</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> mengandung satu atau lebih jenis obat dengan atau tanpa zat tambahan  digunakan untuk pengobatan</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">sirup pewangi</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> tidak mengandung obat tetapi mengandung zat pewangi atau penyedap lain. Penambahan sirup ini bertujuan untuk menutup rasa atau bau obat yang tidak enak.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4.    Netralisasi, Saturatio dan Potio Effervescent.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">Netralisasi</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> adalah obat minum yang dibuat dengan mencampurkan bagian asam dan bagian basa sampai reaksi selesai  dan larutan bersifat netral Contoh : Solutio Citratis Magnesici, Amygdalas Ammonicus</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">     Pembuatan  : Seluruh bagian asam direaksikan dengan bagian basanya bila perlu reaksi dipercepat dengan pemanasan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">Saturatio</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> adalah obat minum yang dibuat dengan mereaksikan asam dengan basa  tetapi gas yang terjadi ditahan  dalam wadah sehingga larutan  jenuh dengan gas.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pembuatan   :   </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Komponen basa dilarutkan dalam 2/3 bagian air yang tersedia. Misalnya NaHCO₃ digerus tuang kemudian masuk botol.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Komponen asam dilarutkan dalam 1/3 bagian air yang tersedia.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">2/3 bagian asam masuk basa, gas dibuang seluruhnya. Sisa asam dituang hati-hati lewat tepi botol, segera tutup dengan sampagne knop sehingga gas yang terjadi tertahan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">Potio Effervescent</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> adalah saturatio yang CO₂nya lewat jenuh.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pembuatan  :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Langkah 1 dan 2</span></u><span lang="EN-US">  sama dengan pada saturatio.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Langkah ke 3</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> Seluruh bagian asam dimasukkan kedalam basa dengan hati-hati,  segera  tutup dengan sampagne knop.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Gas CO₂ umumnya digunakan untuk pengobatan,  menjaga stabilitas obat, dan kadang-kadang dimaksudkan untuk menyegar-kan rasa minuman ( corrigensia).</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Hal yang harus diperhatikan untuk sediaan saturatio dan potio effervescent   adalah :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="EN-US">diberikan dalam botol yang kuat , berisi kira-kira 9/10 bagian dan tertutup kedap dengan tutup gabus atau karet yang rapat. Kemudian diikat dengan sampagne knop.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tidak boleh mengandung bahan obat yang tidak larut , karena tidak boleh dikocok. Pengocokan menyebabkan botol pecah karena botol berisi gas dalam jumlah besar.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Penambahan Bahan –bahan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Zat – zat  yang dilarutkan dalam bagian asam</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">            a.   Zat netral dalam jumlah kecil.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Bila jumlahnya banyak,  sebagian dilarutkan dalam asam sebagian dilarutkan dalam basa, berdasarkan perbandingan jumlah airnya.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b.  Zat-zat mudah menguap.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c.  Ekstrak dalam jumlah kecil dan alkaloid</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="line-height: normal;">   </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sirup</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Zat- zat yang dilarutkan dalam bagian basa.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Garam dari asam yang sukar larut . misalnya natrii benzoas, natrii salisilas.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bila saturasi mengandung asam tartrat maka garam-garam kalium dan ammonium  harus ditambahkan kedalam bagian basanya, bila tidak, akan terbentuk endapan kalium atau ammonium dari asam tartrat.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">   </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Untuk melihat berapa bagian asam atau basa yang diperlukan dapat melihat tabel penjenuhan ( saturasi dan netralisasi ) dalam Farmakope Belanda edisi V berikut ini :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tabel saturasi dan netralisasi  (Farmakope Belanda V)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                       </span></span></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: medium none; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 5.4pt; text-align: justify; width: 435px;"><tbody> <tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Untuk 10 bagian</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Asam Amygdalat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Asam Asetat Encer</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Asam Sitrat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Asam Salisilat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Asam Tartrat</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ammonia</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">8,9</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">58,8</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4,1</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">8,1</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4,41</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kalium Karbonat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">144,7</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">10,1</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">20,0</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">10,9</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Natrium Karbonat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">69,9</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4,9</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">9,7</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">5,2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Natrium Bikarbonat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">18,1</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">119,0</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">8,3</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">16,4</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">8,9</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ammonia</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kalium Karbonat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Natrium karbonat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Natrium Bikarbonat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Asam Amygdalat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">11,2</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">5,5</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Asam Asetat (e)</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1,7</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0,7</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1,43</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0,84</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Asam Sitrat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">24,0</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">9,9</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">20,4</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">12,0</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Asam Salisilat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">12,3</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">5,0</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">10,4</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">6,1</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Asam Tartrat</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">22,7</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">9,2</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">19,1</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">11,2</span></span></div> </td><td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                                                                               </span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">5. Guttae  ( drop)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Guttae atau obat tetes adalah sediaan cair berupa larutan, emulsi atau suspensi , apabila  tidak dinyatakan lain dimaksudkan untuk obat dalam. Digunakan dengan cara meneteskan menggunakan penetes yang menghasilkan tetesan yang setara dengan tetesan yang dihasilkan penetes baku yang disebutkan oleh Farmakope Indonesia. Biasanya obat diteteskan ke dalam makanan atau minuman atau dapat diteteskan langsung kedalam mulut.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Dalam perdagangan dikenal pediatric drop yaitu obat tetes yang digunakan  untuk anak-anak atau bayi .</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">           Obat tetes sebagai obat luar, biasanya disebutkan tujuan pemakaiannya misalnya : eye drop untuk mata, ear drop untuk telinga.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Larutan topikal</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Larutan topikal ialah larutan yang biasanya mengandung air tetapi seringkali juga pelarut lain, misalnya etanol untuk penggunaan topikal pada kulit dan untuk penggunaan topikal pada mukosa mulut. Larutan topikal yang berupa suspensi disebut <i>lotio</i></span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Sedian-sedian termasuk larutan topical :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Collyrium</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              Adalah sediaan berupa larutan steril, jernih, bebas zarah asing, isotonus, digunakan untuk membersihkan mata.dapat ditambahkan zat dapar dan zat pengawet.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Kolirium dibuat dengan melarutkan obat dalam air, saring hingga jernih,masukkan kedalam wadah, tutup dan sterilkan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Penyimpanan : Dalam wadah kaca atau plastik tertutup kedap.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">      </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Catatan :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada etiket harus tertera :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Masa penggunaan setelah tutup dibuka.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">“ Obat cuci mata”</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kolirium yang tidak mengandung zat pengawet hanya boleh digunakan paling lama 24 jam setelah botol dibuka tutupnya. Kolirium yang mengandung pengawet dapat digunakan paling lama tujuh hari setelah botol dibuka tutupnya.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2.    Guttae Ophthalmicae.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Tetes mata adalah larutan steril  bebas partikel asing merupakan sediaan yang dibuat dan dikemas sedemikian rupa hingga sesuai digunakan pada mata.  Tetes mata juga tersedia dalam bentuk suspensi, partikel halus dalam bentuk termikronisasi agar tidak menimbulkan iritasi atau goresan pada kornea.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Hal –hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada pembuatan obat tetes mata :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Nilai isotonisitas.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">            Secara ideal obat tetes mata harus memiliki nilai isotonis sama dengan larutan NaCl 0,9 % b/v. Tetapi mata masih dapat tahan terhadap nilai isotonis rendah yang setara dengan larutan NaCl 0,6 % b/v dan tertinggi yang setara dengan larutan NaCl 2, 0 % b/v.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pendaparan</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">            Salah satu maksud pendaparan larutan obat mata adalah untuk mencegah kenaikan pH yang disebabkan oleh pelepasan lambat ion hidroksil oleh wadah kaca. Hal tersebut dapat mengganggu kelarutan dan stabilitas  obat. Selain itu penambahan dapar juga dimaksudkan untuk menjaga stabilitas obat tertentu misalnya : garam – garam alkaloid.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">            Air mata normal memiliki pH 7,4  secara ideal obat tetes mata memiliki pH  seperti pada air mata, tetapi karena beberapa bahan obat tidak stabil (tidak larut/ rusak/ mengendap) pada pH tersebut maka sebaiknya obat tetes mata di dapar pada pH sedekat mungkin dengan pH air mata supaya tidak terlalu merangsang mata.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">            Pada larutan yang digunakan pada mata, terlebih pada mata yang luka sterilitas adalah yang paling penting, untuk mencegah terjadinya infeksi lebih lanjut.    </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <u><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">c. Pengawet</span></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">            Wadah larutan obat mata harus tertutup rapat dan disegel untuk menjamin sterilitas pada pemakaian pertama. Larutan harus mengandung zat atau campuran zat  yang sesuai untuk mencegah pertumbuhan atau memusnahkan bakteri yang mungkin masuk  pada waktu wadah dibuka pada saat digunakan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pengawet yang dianjurkan :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">nipagin dan nipasol</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">fenil merkuri nitrat, timerosol</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">benzalkonium klorid</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">§<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">klorbutanol, fenil etil alcohol</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">            Untuk penggunaan pada pembedahan , selain steril larutan obat mata tidak boleh mengandung antibakteri karena dapat menimbulkan iritasi pada jaringan mata.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">d. Pengental</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">                </span><span lang="EN-US">Ditambahkan untuk meningkatkan kekentalan sehingga obat lebih lama kontak dengan jaringan. Larutan obat mata yang dikentalkan  harus bebas dari partikel yang dapat terlihat. Contoh : metil selulosa, hidroksi propil selulosa, polivinil alcohol</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Cara pembuatan obat tetes mata</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Obat dilarutkan kedalam sal;ah satu zat pembawa yang mengandung salah satu zat pengawet , dijernihkan dengan cara penyaringan, masukkan kedalam wadah, tutup wadah dan sterilkan menggunakan autoklaf pada suhu 115-116^oC selama 30 menit.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Obat dilarutkan kedalam cairan pembawa berair yang mengandung salah satu zat pengawet dan disterilkan menggunakan bakteri filter masukkan kedalam wadah secara tehnik aseptis dan tutup rapat</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Obat dilarutkan kedalam cairan pembawa berair yang mengandung salah satu zat pengawet, dijernihkan dengan cara penyaringan, masukkan kedalam wadah, tutup rapat dan sterilkan dengan penambahan bakterisid , dipanaskan pada suhu 98- 100^oC selama 30 menit.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.    Gargarisma (Gargle)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Gargarisma atau obat kumur mulut adalah sediaan berupa larutan umumnya dalam keadaan pekat yang harus diencerkan dahulu sebelum digunakan. Dimaksudkan untuk digunakan sebagai pencegahan atau pengobatan infeksi tenggorokan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Penandaan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.7pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Petunjuk pengenceran sebelum digunakan</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.7pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">“ Hanya untuk kumur, tidak ditelan “</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Contoh : Betadin Gargle.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4.   Litus Oris.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Oles Bibir adalah cairan agak kental dan pemakaiannya secara disapukan dalam mulut.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Contoh : Larutan 10 % borax dalam gliserin.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.   Guttae Oris</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Tetes mulut adalah obat tetes yang digunakan untuk mulut dengan cara mengencerkan lebih dahulu dengan air untuk dikumur-kumurkan, tidak untuk ditelan.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">6.   Guttae Nasales</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">     Tetes hidung adalah obat yang digunakan untuk hidung dengan cara meneteskan obat ke dalam rongga hidung, dapat mengandung zat pensuspensi, pendapar dan pengawet. Minyak lemak atau minyak mineral tidak boleh digunakan sebagai cairan pembawa.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">7.    Inhalationes</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">     Sediaan yang dimaksudkan untuk disedot hidung atau mulut, atau disemprotkan dalam bentuk kabut kedalam saluran pernafasan . Tetesan butiran kabut harus seragam dan sangat halus sehingga dapat mencapai  bronkhioli. Inhalasi merupakan larutan dalam air atau gas. ( akan dibahas lebih lanjut dikelas III)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Penandaan </span></u><span lang="EN-US">:  Jika mengandung bahan yang tidak larut pada etiket harus tertera  “ Kocok dahulu”</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Injectiones  / obat suntik. (dibahas dikelas III)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Lavement / Clysma / Enema.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                       Cairan yang pemakaiannya per rectum/colon  yang gunanya untuk membersihkan atau menghasilkan efek terapi setempat atau sistemik Enema yang digunakan untuk membersihkan atau penolong pada sembelit  atau pembersih faeces sebelum operasi, tidak boleh mengandung zat lendir. Selain untuk membersihkan enema juga berfungsi sebagai karminativa, emolient, diagnostic, sedative, anthelmintic dan lain-lain.  Dalam hal ini untuk mengurangi kerja obat yang bersifat merangsang terhadap  usus , dipakai basis berlendir misalnya mucilago amyli. Pada pemakaian per rectal berlaku dosis maksimal.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">            Enema diberikan dalam jumlah variasi tergantung pada umur dan keadaan penderita. Umumnya 0,5 sampai 1 liter, tetapi ada juga yang diperpekat  dan diberikan sebanyak 100 – 200 ml.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">10. Douche.    </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Adalah larutan dalam air yang dimasukkan dengan suatu alat ke dalam vagina, baik untuk pengobatan maupun untuk membersihkan. Karenanya larutan ini mengandung bahan obat atau antiseptik. Untuk memudahkan, kebanyakan douche ini dibuat dalam bentuk kering/padat (serbuk, tablet yang kalau           hendak digunakan dilarutkan dalam sejumlah air tertentu, dapat juga diberikan larutan kental yang nantinya diencerkan seperlunya. Contoh Betadin Vaginal Douche (dikemas beserta aplikatornya)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 48pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -48pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Epithema /Obat kompres</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">     Adalah cairan yang dipakai untuk mendatangkan rasa dingin pada tempat tempat yang sakit dan panas karena radang atau berdasarkan sifat perbedaan tekanan osmose digunakan untuk mengeringkan luka bernanah. Contoh :   Liquor Burowi, Solutio Rivanol, campuran Borwater - Rivanol.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoHeading7" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">E.<span style="line-height: normal;">       </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hitungan Farmasi</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              Farmakope Indonesia  Edisi IV memberikan 3 bentuk persen  yaitu :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Persen bobot per bobot  (b/b)</span></span></div> <h2 style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 1em 21.3pt; padding: 0.6em 0px 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Menyatakan jumlah gram zat  dalam 100 gram campuran atau larutan.</span></span></h2> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border-top-color: rgb(34, 220, 149); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Persen bobot per volume (b/v)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Menyatakan jumlah gram zat dalam 100 ml larutan, sebagai pelarut dapat digunakan air atau pelarut lain.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.    Persen volume pervolume (v/v)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Menyatakan jumlah ml zat dalam 100 ml larutan. Pernyataan persen tanpa penjelasan lebih lanjut untuk campuran padat atau setengah padat , yang dimaksud adalah b/b, untuk larutan dan suspensi suatu zat padat dalam cairan yang dimaksud adalah b/v dan untuk larutan cair di dalam cairan yang dimaksud adalah v/v  dan untuk larutan gas dalam cairan yang dimaksud adalah b/v.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">¨<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">Perhitungan Etanol.</span></u></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Yaitu mengubah atau mengencerkan kadar etanol yang lebih tinggi menjadi kadar yang lebih rendah .</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Perlu diketahui bahwa apabila kita mencampur 2  larutan yang berbeda berat jenisnya (termasuk etanol/spiritus ) akan terjadi penyusutan volume yang disebut dengan <u>kontraksi.</u></span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Spiritus atau etanol adalah campuran alkohol absolut dengan air. Umumnya dinyatakan dalam persen b/b atau v/v, sehingga :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">100 gram etanol  0 % b/b artinya larutan mengandung</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              alkohol absolute    0  %  <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>x 100 gram       =  0 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              air                             100 gram – 0 gram   =  100 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">200 cc etanol 70 % v/v artinya larutan mengandung</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              alkohol absolute     70 %  <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>x 200 cc           =  140 cc </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">     air  <u>bukan  </u>   200 cc – 140 cc =   60 cc, tetapi lebih besar dari 60 cc (hal ini dapat dihitung)</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">             </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">200 cc etanol 70 % b/b, jumlah alkohol absolute tidak bisa langsung dihitung. Disini harus kita sejeniskan terlebih dahulu. Untuk mengetahuinya dapat dipergunakan tabel  pada Farmakope edisi IV</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">  etanol 70 % b/b   =   etanol 76,91 % v/v   =   BJ  0,8658</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">  Volume larutan    =   200 cc</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">  alkohol absolut    =   <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>76,91 % x  200 cc       =   153,82 cc</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">  Berat larutan        =   0,8658  x  200 cc      =   173,16 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">  Alkohol absolut  =   <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>  70 % x 173,16 g       =  121,21 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">  Berat air               =   173,16 g – 121,21 g =   51,95 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Latihan </span></u><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">500 gram etanol 95 % b/b , berapa cc dan gram alkohol absolutnya ?</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Jawab :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">alkohol absolute       =  95 %  <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>x  500 gram  =   <u>475gram</u></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">95 % b/b              =   96,79 % v/v              =   BJ  0,8020</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              500/0,8020          =   623,44 cc,</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">               alkohol absolut  =   <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>  96,79 % x   623,44 cc</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">             =   <u>603,42 cc</u></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                                                                                           </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">1 liter etanol 77,79 % v/v, berapa cc dan gram alkohol absolutnya ?</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Jawab :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alkohol absolute =  77,79 % <span style="position: relative; top: 13pt;"></span>x 1000 cc =   <u>777,9  cc</u></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">77,79 % v/v         =   71 % b/b                   =   BJ   0,8634</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Berat larutan        =   0.8634 x 1000          =   863,4 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alk. absolute       =  <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span> x 863,44 gram  =  <u>613,04gram</u></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">500 gram etanol 73,3 % v/v berapa gram dan cc alkohol absolutnya ?</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jawab  :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">73,3 % v/v           =   66 % b/b                    =  0,8753</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">alkohol absolute  =  <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>66 % x 500 gram        =   <u>330 gram</u> </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">volume larutan   =  <span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"></span>  500/0,8753   =   571,23 cc</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">alkohol absolute  =  <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>  x  571,23 cc  =  <u>418,71 cc</u></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">1 liter etanol 57 % b/b berapa cc dan gram alkohol absolutnya</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Jawab :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">57 % b/b              =   64,8 % v/v                =   BJ  0,8964</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">alkohol absolut    =   <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>  64,8 % x  1000 cc           =         <u>648 cc</u></span></span></div> <h3 style="line-height: 23.1660003662109px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 42.55pt; position: relative; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Berat larutan        =   1000 x 0,8964          =  896,4 gram</span></span></h3> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alkohol absolut  =  <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span> x  896,4 g          =   <u>510,95 gram</u></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">800 cc etanol BJ 0,8364</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Jawab :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">BJ 0,8364  =  87,8 % v/v  =  82 % b/b</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alkohol absolut  =   <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>87,8 %  x  800 cc         =  <u>702,4 cc</u></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Berat larutan        =   800 x  0,8364           =   669, 12 gram </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alkohol absolut   =  82 % <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>  x   669,12 g     =   <u>548,68gram</u></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="height: 62px; left: 0px; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 7px; position: absolute; width: 467px; z-index: 251657213;"></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">            Kegunaan menghitung alkohol absolut adalah untuk mencari kadar.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <u><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Contoh soal :</span></span></u></div> <h4 style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 14.2pt; position: relative; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Berapa % b/b kadar etanol yang diperoleh kalau kita mencampurkan 100 gram etanol 70 % v/v  dengan air  200 cc ?</span></span></h4> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Penyelesaian :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">100 gram etanol 70 % v/v     = 62,44 % b/b </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;"> </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">alkohol abs. 62,44/100 x 100                      = 62,44  g</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">  Kadar campuran  = <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span> x 100 %   =   20,81 %    b/b</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              Atau menggunakan rumus :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 78px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 230px; z-index: 251658237;"></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">            B₁ x K₁ + B₂ x K₂ = B₃ x K₃</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">100  x  62,44  +  200 x 0 = 300 x K₃</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">K₃=     <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span> x 100 % = 20, 81 %</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                                           </span></span></div> <div class="MsoHeading8" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Apabila tabel yang dimaksud tidak ada dalam daftar maka harus dilakukan  interpolasi .</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cara :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Misalkan yang hendak diketahui % b/b dan BJ etanol 90,5 % v/v.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ambil 1 tabel yang terdekat diatasnya. Dengan perbandingan biasa kita  dapat membuat tabel baru.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: center;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><tbody> <tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.55pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">BJ</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0,8271</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.7pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">b/b</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">85,69</span></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.3pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">v/v</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">90</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.55pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0,5</span></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.7pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0,0066</span></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1,3</span></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.3pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">90,5</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.55pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.65pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0,8337</span></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.7pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 51pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">86,99</span></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.6pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> </td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.3pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">91</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Perbandingan 0,5/1 =1/2</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">% b/b= 85,69 + ( ½ x 1,3 )</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">         = 85,69 + 0 65</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">         = 86,34</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">BJ     = 0,8271 + ( ½ x 0,0066 )</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">         = 0,8271 + 0,0033</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">         = 0,8304</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jadi etanol 90,5 % v/v = etanol 86,34 % b/b; Bj = 0,8304.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Latihan soal</span></u><span lang="EN-US">.                                       </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.7pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Interpolasi dari BJ  0,9003</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.7pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Interpolasi dari 66,5 % b/b</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.7pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tentukan % b/b, % v/v dan BJ dari campuran :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.7pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">     1200 gram etanol 60 % v/v  +  200 cc air</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.7pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hitunglah % b/b, % v/v dan BJ campuran  :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">100 gram spiritus dilutus  +  100 gram air</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -32.7pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hitung berapa gram air yang ditambahkan pada campuaran</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">500 cc spiritus 96 % v/v  +  air samapi 1 liter</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dibutuhkan 1 liter spiritus 60 % b/b. Dalam persediaan kita mempunyai spiritus fortior. Berapa cc air yang diperlukan</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dibutuhkan etanol 40 % v/v dalam persediaan  terdapat 300 cc spiritus fortior dan 200 cc spiritus dilutus.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tentukan BJ dari campuran sama berat spiritus dilutus dan air</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tentukan BJ dari campuran sama volume spiritus dilutus dan air.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Contoh soal kontraksi</span></u><span lang="EN-US">.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Dicampurkan 100 cc spiritus dilutus dengan 100 cc air.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Berapa cc hasil yang akan didapat dan hitungkan kontraksinya!</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">       100 cc x 70 % v/v  +  100 cc 0%  v/v     </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">      ?  </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       <u>Berat campuran</u> :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">       =     (100 x  0,8837) g + 100 g     </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">   88,37  +  100 </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       =     188,37 g  (x)  % b/b</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       <u>Etanol absolut</u> :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       =     <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>  x   88,37      =                          55,18 g</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">             </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Kadar  =  <span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"></span> x 100 %  = 29,29 % b/b </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 21.25pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">BJ 0,9545 (hasil interpolasi), maka volume sebenarnya (Volume praktis)           =    <span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"></span>  =   197,35 ml</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Volume teoritis = Vt  =   V1  +  V2  </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                          = 100 ml + 100 ml</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                           = 200 ml</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Kontraksi                    =   Vt  - Vp</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                          =   200 ml -  197,35 ml</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                           =   2,65  ml</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       % kontraksi                 =   <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span> x 100 %   = 1,33 %.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       kontraksi tidak boleh lebih dari 3,6 %</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">        </span></span></div> <h5 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Latihan soal</span></span></h5> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hitunglah kontraksi bila dicampur etanol absolut dengan air sama jumlah volumenya</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hitunglah kontraksi dalam % jika dicampur 200 ml spiritus dilutus dengan 300 ml spiritus 95 % v/v</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hitunglah kontraksi bila dicampur masing-masing 100 g spiritus 95 % v/v, 100 g spiritus dilutus dan 200 g air.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">¨<span style="line-height: normal;">      </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">Hitungan Pengenceran Bukan  Etanol</span></u><span lang="EN-US">.                           </span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          Hendak dibuat 300 gram larutan  yang mengandung 10 % NaCl dengan mempergunakan larutan yang mengandung 50 % NaCl. Berapa jumlah larutan 50 % yang harus dipakai dan berapa air yang harus ditambahkan ?</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Untuk menyelesaikan soal ini , tentukan dulu :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mana bagian  yang membentuk dan mana yang terbentuk.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Komponen  yang belum kita ketahui  kita misalkan X</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Zat aktif yang membentuk sama dengan yang terbentuk</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berat zat yang membentuk harus sama dengan yang terbentuk.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kalau terdapat selisih berat antara zat terbentuk dengan yang membentuk maka selisihnya adalah zat penambah.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jawab.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">        X   gram   50 %   =   300 gram  10 %</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">        Zat aktif (za)       =   <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>  x  X            =   0,5 X</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">        Z.A                      =   <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span>  x  300         =   30  gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">        0,5 X                   =   30</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">        X                         =   <span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"></span> g                   =   <u>60 gram</u></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">        Zat penambah </span>_{<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 12.5px;">(air)</span>}<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">    =  300 -   60         =   <u>240 gram</u></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoHeading7" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">Latihan soal</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1. Hitung berapa gram zat penambah diperlukan pada pembuatan 400 gram campuran   dengan kadar 20 %, bila yang tersedia 200 gram zat 25 % dan zat 15% yang belum diketahui jumlahnya.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">     Jawab.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">    X g   x   15 %   +  200 g  x  25 %     </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">      400 g  x   20 %</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">Z.A    (15/100 x   X )  +  ( 25/100 x 200)  </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">  20/100  x  400</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Z.A       0,15 X            +          50           =   80</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                                          0,15 X       =   80  -  50</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                                                  X       =  <span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"></span> =   200</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              Zat 15 %   diambil sebanyak 200 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              Zat penambah  sebanyak  400 – ( 200 + 200 )  =  0 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2.   Hitung berapa gram larutan NaCl   40 % harus ditambahkan pada 10 gram larutan NaCl 10 % supaya diperoleh 100 gram larutan NaCl 20 % !</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Jawab :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">              ( 10 g x  10 % ) +  ( X g  x  40 % )   </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;"> 100 g  x 20 %</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">Z.A( <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span> x  10 )  +  (<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"></span> x  X ) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">     20/100  x  100</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                       1               +     0,4 X                   =   20</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                                               X          =   20 - <span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"></span> </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                                               X          =   47,5  g</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              Larutan NaCl 40 % yang diambil     47,5 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">              Zat penambah    100  -  (  10 + 47,5 ) =   42,5 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.    Hitunglah berapa gram larutan glukosa 15 %  dan  glukosa     25 % harus ditambahkan pada 200 gram larutan  glukosa 20 % supaya diperoleh 600 gram larutan glukosa 18 %</span></span></div> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">       Jawab :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Glukosa 15 %    =   X</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Glukosa  25 %   =   (600 – 200 ) – X</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">X  x  15 %   +   (400-X) x  25 %  +  200 x  20 %  </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">                          </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">     600  x   18 %</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0,15 X +  100 -  0,25 X  +  40   =  108</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0,15 X  -   0,25 X  =  108  -  ( 100 + 40) -   0,1 X  =  -  32</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">X   = <span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"></span>    =  320  </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jumlah glukosa 15 %     320 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 3.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jumlah glukosa 25 %      400 – 320   =   80 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                                                                                               </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4.    50 mg alkaloid belladon dicampur dengan  1 gram extract belladon yang mengandung 1,5 % alkaloid belladon. Berapa gram campuran extract belladon 1,3 % yang diperoleh dan berapa gram zat penambahnya.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jawab :</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">50 x  100 % + 1000  x  1,5 %    </span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">à</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 15px;">   X   x    1,3 %</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">          50      +          15              =     0, 013  X</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                          X  =   <span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"></span>   =    5000 mg  = 5 g</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Campuran yang diperoleh   5000 mg  =  5 gram</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.7999992370605px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Zat penambah = 5000 – (1000 + 50)  =  3950 mg   =  3,95 g </span></span></div> </div> </p>

SOLUTIO A.  Pengertian           Larutan adalah sediaan cair yang mengandung satu  atau lebih zat kimia yang terlarut. Misal : t...