SMK Keperawatan Materi RANGKA MANUSIA

<p><header class="entry-header" style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><h1 class="entry-title" style="margin: 0px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">RANGKA MANUSIA</span></h1> </header><div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">1.   </b><b style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">STRUKTUR RANGKA MANUSIA</b></span></div> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="struktur rangka manusia" class=" wp-image-169 aligncenter" height="193" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/struktur-rangka-manusia.jpg?w=166&h=193" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="166" /></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Rangka manusia terbagi atas tiga bagian yaitu :</span></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">a.  </b><b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Rangka kepala</b></div> </span><br /> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="rangka kepala" class=" wp-image-170 aligncenter" height="122" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/rangka-kepala.jpg?w=218&h=122" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="218" /></span></div> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">1) Rangka kepala dikenal dengan nama tengkorak</span></div> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">2) Rangka tulang kepala berbentuk bulat, disusun oleh tulang-</span></div> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">      tulang yang berbentuk pipih</span></div> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">3) Tulang-tulang bersatu membentuk sendi tetapi tidak dapat</span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">     digerakkan</span></div> <span style="background-color: white;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><br /></span></div> <span id="more-28" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">b.  </b><b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Rangka badan</b></div> </span></span><br /> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="rangka badan" class=" wp-image-171 aligncenter" height="131" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/rangka-badan.jpg?w=218&h=131" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="218" /></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Rangka badan disusun oleh berbagi masam tulang, diantranya :</span></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">1) Ruas tulang belakang, sambungan antar tulang dapat</span></div> <span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">digerakkan kedepan atau membungkuk ke depan, ke samping,</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">sehingga tubuh dapat dibungkukkan.</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">2) Tulang dada tidak dapat digerakkan</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">3) Tulang-tulang rusuk, sambungan tulang-tulang rusuk dapat</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">digerakkan.</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">4) Tulang rangka badan ada yang berbentuk pipih, misalnya pada</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">tulang rusuk dan belikat.</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">5) Rangka badan membentuk rongga dada yang berfungsi untuk</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">melindungi paru-paru, jantung, hati, dan lambung.</span></div> </span><b style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">c.   </b><b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Rangka anggota gerak</b></div> </b></span><br /> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="rangka anggota gerak" class=" wp-image-172 aligncenter" height="131" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/rangka-anggota-gerak.png?w=174&h=131" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="174" /></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">1) Rangka anggota gerak terdiri atas rangka tangan dan rangka</span></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">kaki.</span></div> <span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">2) Rangka tangan dan rangka kaki disusun oleh tulang-tulang yang</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">berbentuk pipa dan keras</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">3) Setiap tulang dihubungkan dengan sendi sehingga dapat</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">bergerak.</span></div> </span><b style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">2.  </b><b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">BENTUK-BENTUK TULANG RANGKA MANUSIA</b></div> </b><b style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">a.  </b><b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Tulang pipih</b></div> </b></span><br /> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="pipih" class=" wp-image-173 aligncenter" height="122" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/pipih.jpg?w=122&h=122" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="122" /></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Contoh : tulang belikat, tulang dada, tulang rusuk, tulang panggul,</span></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">dan tulang-tulang tengkorak.</span></div> <strong style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <strong style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">b.  Tulang pendek</strong></div> </strong></span><br /> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="tulang-pendek" class="wp-image-174 aligncenter" height="146" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/tulang-pendek.jpg?w=164&h=146" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="164" /></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Contoh : tulang pergelangan tangan, tulang pergelangan kaki, ruas-</span></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">ruas tulang belakang dan tulang tempurung lutut.</span></div> <strong style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <strong style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">c.  Tulang pipa</strong></div> </strong></span><br /> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="pipa" class="wp-image-175 aligncenter" height="110" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/pipa.jpg?w=182&h=110" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="182" /></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Contoh: tulang lengan, tulang paha, dan tulang ruas jari.</span></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">3.  </b><b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">PERSENDIAN</b></div> <span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Hubungan antara tulang-tulang manusia disebut sendi. Beberapa</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">sendi yang terdapat pada tubuh manusia adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">a. Sendi engsel, yaitu sendi yang dapat digerakkan satu arah.</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Contoh: sendi pada siku, sendi pada lutut, dan sendi pada ruas jari</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">tangan dan ruas jari kaki.</span></div> </span></span><br /> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="macam-sendi-manusi-engsel" class="wp-image-178 aligncenter" height="235" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/macam-sendi-manusi-engsel.jpg?w=269&h=235" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="269" /></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">b. Sendi peluru, yaitu sendi yang memungkinkan gerakkan ke</span></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">semua arah. Contoh :sendi pada ruas tulang leher yang paling atas,</span></div> <span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">sendi pada bahu, dan sendi pada panggul.</span></div> </span></span><br /> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="sendi-peluru-gelang-panggul" class="wp-image-179 aligncenter" height="235" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/sendi-peluru-gelang-panggul.jpg?w=269&h=235" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="269" /></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">c. Sendi pelana, yaitu sendi yang bergerak ke dua arah (samping</span></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">dan ke depan). Contoh: sendi antara tulang telapak tangan dan</span></div> <span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">pangkal ibu jari.</span></div> </span></span><br /> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="macam-sendi-manusi-pelana" class="wp-image-180 aligncenter" height="235" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/macam-sendi-manusi-pelana.jpg?w=269&h=235" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="269" /></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">d. Sendi geser, yaitu persendian tempat ujung tulang yang satu</span></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">menggeser ujung tulang yang lain. Contoh: pada tulang hasta dan</span></div> <span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">tulang pengumpil.</span></div> </span></span><br /> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="PERSENDIAN (1)" class="size-full wp-image-183 aligncenter" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/persendian-1.jpg?w=646" style="border: none; position: relative;" /></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">e. Sendi putar, persendian tempat tulang yang satu berputar</span></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">mengelilingi tulang lainnya yang bertindak sebagai poros. Contoh:</span></div> <span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">pada hubungan tulang atlas dan tulang tengkorak.</span></div> </span></span><br /> <div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="macam-sendi-manusi-putar" class="wp-image-184 aligncenter" height="235" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/macam-sendi-manusi-putar.jpg?w=269&h=235" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="269" /></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">4.  </b><b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">KEGUNAAN RANGKA TUBUH MANUSIA</b></div> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">a. Menentukan bentuk tubuh</span></div> <span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">b. Menegakkan tubuh</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">c. Melekatnya otot atau daging</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">d. Melindungi bagian-bagian tubuh yang penting dan lunak</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">e. Sebagai tempat pembentykan sel-sel darah</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">f.  Sebagai alat gerak pasif</span></div> </span><b style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">B.   </b><b style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">MERAWAT RANGKA</b></div> </b><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Rangka harus selalu dirawat agar selalu sehat. Rangka dapat</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">terkena penyakit atau kelainan, yaitu :</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">1. Kifosis (tulang punggung membengkok ke belakang)</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">2. Lordosis (kebiasaan sikap terlalu tegag pada saat duduk)</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">3. Skoliosis (kebiasaan bersikap dalam posisi miring)</span></div> </span><div style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"> <a href="http://dyahlovestar.wordpress.com/materi-2/ipa-kelas-5-semester-1/bab-1/kifosis-lordosis-skoliosis/#main" rel="attachment wp-att-185" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="KIFOSIS LORDOSIS SKOLIOSIS" class="wp-image-185 alignnone" height="181" src="http://dyahlovestar.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/kifosis-lordosis-skoliosis.jpg?w=360&h=181" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="360" /></a></div> <span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Penyakit yang dapat merusak rangka, diantaranya :</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">1) Polio, dapat dicegah dengan pemberian vaksin polio pada saat</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">anak berusia dibawah lima tahun. Penderita polio akan</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">mengalami kelumpuhan sehingga tulangnya akan mengecil</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">2) Rakitis, timbul karena kekurangan vitamin D dan sinar matahari</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">pagi. Penderita rakitis memiliki tulang kaki yang lemah dan</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">berbentuk X atau O karena tidak dapat menahan berat badan</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">3) Osteoporosis, penyakit yang menyebabkan tulang mudah retak</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">atau patah, dikarenakan tubuh kekurangan zat kapur (kalsium).</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">Penyakit ini biasanya menyerang orang lanjut usia.</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">4) Rematik, adalah rasa nyeri pada persendian. Persendian yang</span></div> </span><span style="line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">biasa terkena adalah persendian kaki, tangan, dan siku.</span></div> </span></span></p>

RANGKA MANUSIA 1.    STRUKTUR RANGKA MANUSIA Rangka manusia terbagi atas tiga bagian yaitu : a.   Rangka kepala 1) Rangka k...